DAPI，也称DAPI dihydrochloride，是一种常用的核酸染料，可以和双链DNA富含AT序列的小沟结合，产生比自身强20多倍的蓝色荧光。和EB(ethidium bromide)相比，DAPI对双链DNA的染色灵敏度要高很多倍。DAPI也可对RNA进行染色，染色机理是其可以选择性嵌入“AU序列”并发出荧光。相比DAPI-dsDNA(Ex/Em=358 nm/461 nm)，DAPI-RNA具有较长的最大发射波长(500 nm)，其荧光亮度仅有DAPI-dsDNA的20%。
尽管DAPI不能通过活细胞膜，但可以通过提高浓度使之进入活细胞。DAPI具有很高的光漂白承受水平，能用来检测酵母线粒体DNA，叶绿体DNA，病毒DNA，Microplasm DNA以及染色体DNA。
DAPI典型的蓝色荧光特性使其非常普遍的搭配其他绿色、黄色或红色荧光染料用于细胞生物学多色荧光标记技术，因此也常作为核酸和染色体的复染剂用于细胞凋亡检测、RNA原位杂交、直接或间接免疫检测等领域，其染色后可用荧光显微镜观察或流式细胞仪检测。
本产品为溶液，浓度为5 mg/mL。另外提供粉末形式的DAPI（Cat No. 40727ES10）供客户选购。
| 中文名称（Chinese Synonym） | 4’,6-联脒-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐 |
| 英文名称（English Synonym） | 4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride |
| CAS号（CAS NO.） | 28718-90-3 |
| 分子式（Molecular Fomular） | C16H17Cl2N5·2HCl |
| 分子量（Molecular Weight） | 350.25 |
| 荧光光谱（Fluorescence Spectral） | DAPI的Ex/Em=340 nm/488 nm; DAPI-DNA的Ex/Em=358 nm/461 nm |
冰袋运输，5 mg/mL的DAPI储存液于-20ºC避光保存，1年有效。
Q: DAPI是一种好的活细胞核标记探针吗？
A: DAPI被认为是一种半渗透性/无渗透性的细胞核染料。对细胞核的染色性能好坏依赖于细胞系类型。某些细胞系可用DAPI染色，某些完全不可以，而某些标记结果不一致。替代的话，建议用Hoechst 33342或Hoechst 33258，具有同DAPI一样的波长和核酸结合模式，但是有非常好的细胞膜渗透性。
Q．DAPI和Hoechst染料相当类似，如何二选一？
A：DAPI是非常通用的蓝色荧光染料，用于细胞核复染。对固定和透化的细胞/组织，具有非常明亮的细胞核标记。然而，此染料被认为是半渗透至不渗透的染料，用于活细胞染色的结合不一致。Hoechst 33342是一种细胞膜渗透性的染料，具有同DAPI的结合机制和荧光特征。非常适合用于活细胞成像，效果就如同DAPI用于固定细胞染色。
[1] Lu Y, Li Y, Liu Q, et al. MondoA-Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein Axis Maintains Regulatory T-Cell Identity and Function in Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(2):575-591.e16. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.041(IF:22.682)
[2] Yan Y, Tian M, Li M, et al. ASH1L haploinsufficiency results in autistic-like phenotypes in mice and links Eph receptor gene to autism spectrum disorder. Neuron. 2022;110(7):1156-1172.e9. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.035(IF:17.173)
[3] Xu X, Han C, Zhang C, Yan D, Ren C, Kong L. Intelligent phototriggered nanoparticles induce a domino effect for multimodal tumor therapy. Theranostics. 2021;11(13):6477-6490. Published 2021 Apr 19. doi:10.7150/thno.55708(IF:11.556)
[4] Li Z, Luo L, Yu W, et al. PPARγ phase separates with RXRα at PPREs to regulate target gene expression. Cell Discov. 2022;8(1):37. Published 2022 Apr 26. doi:10.1038/s41421-022-00388-0(IF:10.849)
[5] Jiang Z, Feng T, Lu Z, et al. PDGFRb+ mesenchymal cells, but not NG2+ mural cells, contribute to cardiac fat. Cell Rep. 2021;34(5):108697. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108697(IF:9.423)
[6] Zhu Q, Liu Z, Wang Y, Song E, Song Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress manipulates autophagic response that antagonizes polybrominated diphenyl ethers quinone induced cytotoxicity in microglial BV2 cells. J Hazard Mater. 2021;411:124958. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124958(IF:9.038)
[7] Ren C, Xu X, Yan D, et al. Dual-action nanoplatform with a synergetic strategy to promote oxygen accumulation for enhanced photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumors. Acta Biomater. 2022;146:465-477. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.035(IF:8.947)
[8] Lv S, Nie J, Gao Q, et al. Micro/nanofabrication of brittle hydrogels using 3D printed soft ultrafine fiber molds for damage-free demolding. Biofabrication. 2020;12(2):025015. Published 2020 Feb 19. doi:10.1088/1758-5090/ab57d8(IF:8.213)
[9] Xie H, Zhang C, Liu D, et al. Erythropoietin protects the inner blood-retinal barrier by inhibiting microglia phagocytosis via Src/Akt/cofilin signalling in experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 2021;64(1):211-225. doi:10.1007/s00125-020-05299-x(IF:7.518)
[10] Li X, Liu J, Lu L, et al. Sirt7 associates with ELK1 to participate in hyperglycemia memory and diabetic nephropathy via modulation of DAPK3 expression and endothelial inflammation. Transl Res. 2022;247:99-116. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.04.005(IF:7.012)
[11] Nie J, Gao Q, Qiu JJ, et al. 3D printed Lego®-like modular microfluidic devices based on capillary driving. Biofabrication. 2018;10(3):035001. Published 2018 Mar 12. doi:10.1088/1758-5090/aaadd3(IF:6.838)
[12] Zhou J, Wu L, Xu P, Li Y, Ji Z, Kang X. Filamin A Is a Potential Driver of Breast Cancer Metastasis via Regulation of MMP-1. Front Oncol. 2022;12:836126. Published 2022 Mar 11. doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.836126(IF:6.244)
[13] Zhong Y, Deng L, Shi S, et al. The novel STAT3 inhibitor WZ-2-033 causes regression of human triple-negative breast cancer and gastric cancer xenografts. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022;43(4):1013-1023. doi:10.1038/s41401-021-00718-0(IF:6.150)
[14] Gao C, Wang SW, Lu JC, et al. KSR2-14-3-3ζ complex serves as a biomarker and potential therapeutic target in sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Res. 2022;10(1):25. Published 2022 Apr 25. doi:10.1186/s40364-022-00361-9(IF:6.148)
[15] Xiang Y, Zhang W, Jia P, et al. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF114 Inhibits Innate Immune Response to Red-Spotted Grouper Nervous Necrosis Virus Infection in Sea Perch by Targeting MAVS and TRAF3 to Mediate Their Degradation. J Immunol. 2021;206(1):77-88. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2000083(IF:5.422)
[16] Wang X, Huang W, Yang Z, Liu J, Huang B. Transcriptional regulation of heat shock proteins and ascorbate peroxidase by CtHsfA2b from African bermudagrass conferring heat tolerance in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:28021. Published 2016 Jun 20. doi:10.1038/srep28021(IF:5.228)
[17] Chen S, Chen X, Li Z, et al. Identification of ubiquitin-specific protease 32 as an oncogene in glioblastoma and the underlying mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6445. Published 2022 Apr 19. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-09497-y(IF:4.380)
[18] Qu F, Song Y, Wu Y, et al. The protective role of Ephrin-B2/EphB4 signaling in osteogenic differentiation under inflammatory environment. Exp Cell Res. 2021;400(2):112505. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112505(IF:3.905)
[19] Shen Y, Zhou M, Yan J, et al. miR-200b inhibits TNF-α-induced IL-8 secretion and tight junction disruption of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017;312(2):G123-G132. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00316.2016(IF:3.468)
[20] Jin Y, Li Y, Wang X, Yang Y. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor suppresses HPV E6-expressing HNSCC progression by mediating NF-κB and Akt pathways. Cancer Cell Int. 2019;19:220. Published 2019 Aug 23. doi:10.1186/s12935-019-0942-7(IF:3.439)
[21] Zhu Y, Gui W, Lin X, Li H. Knock-down of circular RNA H19 induces human adipose-derived stem cells adipogenic differentiation via a mechanism involving the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1. Exp Cell Res. 2020;387(2):111753. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111753(IF:3.329)
[22] Jin Y, Li Y, Wang X, Yang Y. Dysregulation of MiR-519d Affects Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Invasion and Metastasis by Targeting MMP3. J Cancer. 2019;10(12):2720-2734. Published 2019 Jun 2. doi:10.7150/jca.31825(IF:3.182)
[23] Jin J, Guo Y, Liu Y, Wang Z, Yang X, Sun S. Synergistic antitumor effect of BRMS1 and sorafenib via inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ERK signaling pathway. Oncol Rep. 2019;42(3):1183-1193. doi:10.3892/or.2019.7210(IF:3.041)
[24] Wang L, Wang W, Zhao H, Liu Y, Liu J, Bai N. Bioactive Effects of Low-Temperature Argon-Oxygen Plasma on a Titanium Implant Surface. ACS Omega. 2020;5(8):3996-4003. Published 2020 Feb 18. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03504(IF:2.870)
[25] Zeng Y, Shi XB, Yuan ZY, et al. Biological characteristics of renal cancer cells after CTP-mediated cancer suppressor gene NPRL2 protein treatment. Biol Chem. 2016;397(11):1163-1171. doi:10.1515/hsz-2016-0143(IF:2.710)
[26] Sheng K, Li Y, Wang Z, Hang K, Ye Z. p-Coumaric acid suppresses reactive oxygen species-induced senescence in nucleus pulposus cells. Exp Ther Med. 2022;23(2):183. doi:10.3892/etm.2021.11106(IF:2.447)
[27] Tang W, Guo J, Gu R, et al. MicroRNA-29b-3p inhibits cell proliferation and angiogenesis by targeting VEGFA and PDGFB in retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Mol Vis. 2020;26:64-75. Published 2020 Feb 24. (IF:2.202)
[28] Li J, Zheng Y, Sun G, Xiong S. Restoration of miR-7 expression suppresses the growth of Lewis lung cancer cells by modulating epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Oncol Rep. 2014;32(6):2511-2516. doi:10.3892/or.2014.3519(IF:2.191)
[29] Zhang Z, Yi J, Xie B, et al. Parkin, as a Regulator, Participates in Arsenic Trioxide-Triggered Mitophagy in HeLa Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2022;44(6):2759-2771. Published 2022 Jun 20. doi:10.3390/cimb44060189(IF:2.081)
[30] Xu Y, Xu S, Gao Z, et al. Degree of endplate chondrocyte degeneration in different tension regions during mechanical stimulation. Mol Med Rep. 2018;17(3):4415-4421. doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.8435(IF:1.922)
[31] Sun Y, Liu Y, Li S, Liu C, Hu Q. Novel Compound-Forming Technology Using Bioprinting and Electrospinning for Patterning a 3D Scaffold Construct with Multiscale Channels. Micromachines (Basel). 2016;7(12):238. Published 2016 Dec 21. doi:10.3390/mi7120238(IF:1.295)
